Soils forming under a constant excessive moistening, i.e. affected by periodic or permanent saturation by water in the absence of effective drainage, they have a gley horizon coloured bluish-grey, or are gleyed through the whole profile.
A major change in the tax system with the intention of introducing or increasing taxes on environmental bads (such as pollution, carbon emissions) while simultaneously decreasing other taxes (such as income taxes).
A hypothetical hectare with world-average ability to produce resources and absorb wastes.
The excrement of seabirds and bats, used as fertilizer.
A facilitated process of developing awareness and capacity on gender issues to bring about personal or organisational change towards gender equality.
The emergence of the concept of “green growth” marks the change from a development model treating environment protection as an economic burden to a model that recognises environment protection as a driver for global and national economic development. A related conceptual change that comes together with the re-orientation on green growth is the large recognition of the need to transform production from a resource intensive process to a more or less closed cycle of material flow. Also green growth responds to calls to re-focus societies on achieving a qualitative growth, rather than continue measuring success based on traditional quantitative economic indicators, such as, for instance, Gross Domestic Product.
Tonguing of a mollic or umbric horizon into an underlying layer.
Green investments are traditional investment vehicles (such as stocks, exchange-traded funds and mutual funds) in which the underlying business(es) are somehow involved in operations aimed at improving the environment. This can range from companies that are developing alternative energy technology to companies that have the best environmental practices.
The act, process, or power of governing for the organization of society/ies. For example, there is governance through the state, the market, or through civil society groups and local organizations. Governance is exercised through institutions: laws, property-rights systems and forms of social organization.
The term gender targets refers to the male-female ratio in the professional staff category within the Organisation. Gender targets should not be mistaken with gender mainstreaming or the WID; GAD; approaches (see below) as achieving gender targets does not automatically mainstream gender into the work of the Organisation, unless specific efforts are made, by both women and men staff, to ensure this.In order to achieve the United Nations goal of 50 percent of Professional and Higher Categories3, the Conference requested FAO to establish a programme focused on redressing the current gender imbalance among FAO professional staff. In view of this, the section on "Affirmative Action" included in the current Plan (1996-2001) will not be drafted as part of the next Plan, but the document pertaining to the aforementioned programme may be annexed for information purposes to the Plan of Action.
The 21 countries in Equatorial Africa and in 2 countries in Southeast Asia where the great apes—chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans— dwell, forage, reproduce and migrate.
An approach which tries to overcome gender-biased practices by not expressing any gender-specific references (for example, in language) or that avoids distinguishing roles according to people's gender, in order to avoid stereotypes and discrimination.
They are an extension of the existing roof which involves a high quality water proofing and root repellent system, a drainage system, filter cloth, and a lightweight growing medium and plants. Green roofs reduce storm water runoff, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. They also represent opportunities for significant social, economic and environmental benefits, particularly in urban settings.
The word geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and therme (heat). Geothermal energy is heat within the earth. People can use this heat as steam or as hot water to heat buildings or to generate electricity. Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source because heat is continuously produced inside the earth.
Indicator that measures gender-related changes over time.
Gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit thermal radiation. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ozone (O3) are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. There are human-made greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as halocarbons and other chlorine- and bromine-containing substances. Beside CO2, N2O and CH4, the Kyoto Protocol deals with sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).; The atmospheric gases responsible for causing global warming and climatic change. The major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Less prevalent, but very powerful, GHGs are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).
The grazing system is predominantly dependent on the natural productivity of grasslands, and therefore defined largely by the agro-ecological zone. The toolbox uses 4 climatic zones at the starting point of the analysis. The populations relying on these systems are generally referred to as Pastoralist Groups, with their main differences defined by their mobility in response to environmental variability. At one extreme the nomadic groups are highly mobile, living in areas with major differences in both seasonal and annual climatic patterns. At the other end agro-pastoralists and ranchers operate sedentary systems where seasonal and annual climatic variations are minor.
The process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels.; A globally recognized strategy for achieving gender equality. It is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in any area and at all levels. It is a strategy for making the concerns and experiences of women as well as of men an integral part of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres, so that women and men benefit equally, and inequality is not perpetuated.
An index that focuses on three variables that reflect women's participation in political decision-making (parliamentary seats), their access to professional opportunities (number of professional and managerial jobs), and their earning power. The greater the gender disparity in participation, the lower the GEM.
Bacteria which fail to retain the Gram stain.
Referring to any disparity between women and men’s condition or position in society. It is often used to refer to a difference in average earnings between women and men, e.g. “gender pay gap.” However, gender gaps can be found in many areas, such as economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival and political empowerment.
A large system of rotating ocean currents, primarily driven by wind movement. Large gyres exist in the Indian Ocean, North Atlantic, North Pacific, South Atlantic and South Pacific.
A network aiming to link existing and planned Earth observing systems (e.g., satellites and networks of weather stations and ocean buoys) around the world, support the development of new systems where gaps currently exist, and promote common technical standards so that data from the thousands of different instruments can be combined into coherent datasets. It aims to provide decision support tools to policy makers and other users in areas such as health, agriculture and disasters.
Global earth observation system of systems (GEOSS)
Gender-responsive budgeting is not about creating separate budgets for women, or solely increasing spending on women’s programmes. Rather gender-responsive budgeting seeks to ensure that the collection and allocation of public resources is carried out in ways that are effective and contribute to advancing gender equality and women’s empowerment. It should be based on in-depth analysis that identifies effective interventions for implementing policies and laws that advance women’s rights. It provides tools to assess the different needs and contributions of men and women, and boys and girls within the existing revenues, expenditures and allocations and calls for adjusting budget policies to benefit all groups.
In its broadest sense, it is the expansion of freedom of choice and action. It means increasing one’s authority and control over the resources and decisions that affect one’s life. As people exercise real choice, they gain increased control over their lives. Poor people’s choices are extremely limited, both by their lack of assets and by their powerlessness to negotiate better terms for themselves with a range of institutions, both formal and informal.
The assemblage of laws and institutions that regulate society- nature interactions and shape environmental outcomes.
Global (international) environmental governance
Water the quality of which has been adversely affected by human use, in industrial, agriculture or domestically. The grey water footprint of a product is an indicator of freshwater pollution that can be associated with the production of a product over its full supply chain. It is defined as the volume of freshwater that is required to assimilate the load of pollutants based on natural background concentrations and existing ambient water quality standards. It is calculated as the volume of water that is required to dilute pollutants to such an extent that the quality of the water remains above agreed water quality standards.
Glaciers retreat when their terminus does not extend as far downvalley as it previously did. Glaciers may retreat when their ice melts or ablates more quickly than snowfall can accumulate and form new glacial ice. Higher temperatures and less snowfall have been causing many glaciers around the world to retreat recently.
The GRAST is a tool and methodology that helps organizations carry out an in-depth analysis of the gender sensitivity of their RAS programmes at policy, organizational and individual levels.
Gender and rural advisory services assessment tool
Violence that is directed against a person on the basis of gender.; Any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will and that is based on socially ascribed (i.e. gender) differences between men and women.
Gender analysis is a critical examination of how differences in gender roles, activities, needs, opportunities and rights/entitlements affect men, women, girls and boys in certain situation or contexts. Gender analysis examines the relationships between females and males and their access to and control of resources and the constraints they face relative to each other. A gender analysis should be integrated into all sector assessments or situational analyses to ensure that gender-based injustices and inequalities are not exacerbated by interventions, and that where possible, greater equality and justice in gender relations are promoted.
A stain used to divide bacteria into two groups.
Organizing a "green" meeting involves adopting a pollution prevention approach and thinking of the environmental considerations at every stage of the organization process. This means choosing to hold a teleconference whenever possible. If a conference/workshop/meeting is deemed more appropriate, considerations to the location of the meeting, the type of services contracted, and even the commuting mode to and from the meeting should be considered.; A green event is one designed, organised and implemented in a way thatminimises negative environmental impacts and leaves a positive legacy for the hostcommunity.
Ratio of female to male values of a given indicator.; A subindex of WEAI and reflects the percentage of women who are as empowered as the men in their households. It shows the gap that needs to be closed for women to reach the same level of empowerment as men.
The value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year. GDP can be measured by adding up all of an economy’s incomes – wages, interest, profits, and rents – or expenditures – consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports (exports minus imports).
The ways in which a society defines rights, responsibilities and the identities of men and women in relation to one another.
Research indicates that ‘green technology’ has narrow to broad definitions that could include methods, materials, and techniques for generating energy to producing non-toxic cleaning products.
A balanced representation of women and men in positions of responsibility in all fields.; A human resource issue. It is about the equal participation of women and men in all areas of work (international and national staff at all levels, including at senior positions) and in programmes that agencies initiate or support.
Person who monitors and analyses the participation of women in the electoral process, as candidates, voters and election administrators.
Refers to the allocation of different jobs or types of work to men and women, usually by tradition and custom. The activities, tasks and responsibilities that are perceived and ascribed to male and female, creating tendencies of what is performed by them.
The "gender divide" is reflected not only in the lower numbers of women and girls using ICT, compared to men and boys, but also in the persistence of gender-specific structural inequalities, in particular the inequalities between women and men at all levelsof decision-making, that constrain women's participation in shaping the role of ICT as a tool for equality and development.
It refers to each person’s deeply felt internal and individual experience of gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex assigned at birth.
Differences between men and women in respect to their status, situation, rights, responsibilities, and opportunities.
The great apes have traditionally comprised six species—chimpanzee, bonobo, Sumatran orangutan, Bornean orangutan, eastern gorilla and western lowland gorilla. In 2017 scientists identified a third orangutan species: the Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis), which is restricted to South Tapanuli, on the island of Sumatra, in Indonesia, and is on the critically endangered species list.
Circular orbit 35,785 km (22,236 miles) above Earth’s Equator in which a satellite’s orbital period is equal to Earth’s rotation period of 23 hours and 56 minutes. A spacecraft in this orbit appears to an observer on Earth to be stationary in the sky. This particular orbit is used for meteorological and communications satellites. The geostationary orbit is a special case of the geosynchronous orbit, which is any orbit with a period equal to Earth’s rotation period.
A non-legal term encompassing the range of different claims in which gender is a relevant consideration in the determination of refugee status.
A mutual fund that selects investments based on a commitment to environmental principles may be described as a green fund. Not all green funds stress exactly the same values. A fund that seeks environmentally friendly businesses -- say those that use alternative fuels -- may not be concerned about what those companies manufacture. Another fund may avoid any company in what it considers an unacceptable industry, despite the company's individual environmental record. In every case, the fund's approach is described in its prospectus.
Prepare and use checklists to ensure that gender issues are incorporated and addressed in livestock sector studies.
Natural un-owned assets such as the atmosphere, oceans, outer space and the Antarctic.
For the purposes of Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, ecological status is defined as "an expression of the quality of the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems associated with surface waters, classified in accordance with Annex V".
A green workplace is defined as a workplace that is environmentally sensitive, resource efficient and socially responsible.
The maintenance of laboratory animals all of whose microbiologic commensals are known, or which have been reared as germ-free.
One billion joules.; A gigajoule (GJ) is a metric term used for measuring energy use. For example, 1 GJ is equal to:* 277.8 kWh of electricity*26.9 m³ of natural gas*25.9 litres of heating oil.
A gypsic horizon (from Greek gypsos, gypsum) is a non-cemented horizon containing accumulations of secondary gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) in various forms.
The grain size distribution is one of the basic and characteristic properties of a particular sediment which may change as a result of various processes, such as runoff, bioturbation, eutrophication, etc.
Think of a gender lens as putting on spectacles. Out of one lens of the spectacles, you see the participation, needs and realities of women. Out of the other lens, you see the participation, needs and realities of men. Your sight or vision is the combination of what each eye sees.
High Performance (Green) Buildings offer superior performance in a variety of areas, including: functionality; energy and water efficiency; quality of the indoor environment (air quality, thermal comfort, lighting); waste management and air emissions; site disturbance and storm water management; transportation options for occupants;longevity (durability, adaptability to changing building user needs) … without necessarily increasing capital costs.
The process of planning development projects and programmes taking into account the different roles and needs of men and women in the concerned area, sector, community, etc.
Relating to or denoting data that is associated with a particular location.
It means compliance with the environmental quality standards defined in Directive 2008/105/EC.
A process by which the content of satellite images, aerial photographs – or maps based on them – is compared with the reality on the ground through site visits and field surveys. It is used to verify the accuracy of the images or the way they have been interpreted to produce maps.
Gender-responsive approaches recognize and address the specific needs and priorities of men and women, based on the social construction of gender roles.; A policy or programme that considers gender norms, roles and inequality with measures taken to actively reduce their harmful effects.
A tool used to code to what extent a project or programme has the potential to contribute to gender equality.; Inter-Agency Standing Committee Gender Marker
Refer to beliefs about women and men, boys and girls that are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization. They change over time, in different cultures and populations. Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce: a) mistreatment of one group or sex over the other; b) differences in power and opportunities.
Refers to the relationships and interactions between and among boys, girls, women, and men. Dynamics that are informed by socio-cultural ideas about gender and by the power relationships that define them.
Gender refers to the roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society at a given time considers appropriate for men and women. In addition to the social attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female and the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, gender also refers to the relations between women and those between men. These attributes, opportunities and relationships are socially constructed and are learned through socialization processes. They are context/ time-specific and changeable. Gender determines what is expected, allowed and valued in a woman or a man in a given context. Gender is part of the broader socio-cultural context, as are other important criteria for socio-cultural analysis including class, race, poverty level, ethnic group, sexual orientation, age, etc.
A climate model that employs a mathematical model of the general circulation the atmosphere or oceans.
A monitoring framework that allows users to measure and evaluate gender-related changes over time, showing how far and in what ways the gender equality objectives are being achieved.
Gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation framework
Water that flows or seeps downward and saturates soil or rock, supplying springs and wells. The upper surface of the saturated zone is called the water table.
Fairness of treatment for women and men in terms of rights, benefits, obligations and opportunities.
The variety of genes within a particular species, variety or breed.
Green development is generally differentiated from sustainable development in that it prioritizes what is considered to be environmentally sustainable over economic and cultural considerations.
A person who is appointed to support gender mainstreaming by advocating, advising and supporting professional staff, and monitoring and reporting on progress - if necessary with the support of consultants or external specialists. Dissemination of information and competence development, through training and seminars, is also part of the work of the gender focal points.
Its provides a standardized framework for characterizing climate, soil and terrain conditions relevant to agricultural production. FAO's GAEZ system produces an optimistic outlook for world food production - and reveals limits to growth in several regions.
Informal way of describing the Millennium Development (MDG) :GOAL NO. 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women.
The increasing integration of economies and societies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows, and the transfer of culture and technology.
A green job, also called a green-collar job is, according to the United Nations Environment Programme, "work in agricultural, manufacturing, research and development (R&D), administrative, and service activities that contribute(s) substantially to preserving or restoring environmental quality. Specifically, but not exclusively, this includes jobs that help to protect ecosystems and biodiversity; reduce energy, materials, and water consumption through high efficiency strategies; de-carbonize the economy; and minimize or altogether avoid generation of all forms of waste and pollution."
The source for datasets used by UNEP and its partners in the Global Environment Outlook report and other integrated environmental assessments. Its online database holds more than 500 different variables, including national, sub-regional, regional and global statistics as well as geospatial datasets (maps), covering themes such as freshwater, population, forests, emissions, climate, disasters, health and GDP.
Geo data portal (now environmental data explorer)
The modification of behaviour by raising awareness of gender equality concerns.Changing behaviour and instilling empathy into the views that we hold about our own and the other sex.
Soil materials develop gleyic properties (from the Russian local name gley, mucky soil mass) if they are completely saturated with groundwater, unless drained, for a period that allows reducing conditions to occur (this may range from a few days in the tropics to a few weeks in other areas), and show a gleyic colour pattern.
Gender-responsive budgeting is government planning, programming and budgeting that contributes to the advancement of gender equality and the fulfilment of women's rights.
The collection and separation of data and statistical information by gender to enable comparative analysis/gender analysis.; Information differentiated on the basis of what pertains to women and their roles and to men and their roles. More correctly termed sex-disaggregated when collected and analyzed for men and women.
Information collected and presented separately according to people’s gender. It typically includes the state of being masculine or feminine based on social or cultural identities, constructs and differences
Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on the basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.
Fossil fuel use, as well as producing greenhouse gases, creates other by-products. These by-products are also pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide, soot, and ash. These pollutants however, also change the properties of clouds. Clouds are formed when water droplets are seeded by air-borne particles, such as pollen. Polluted air results in clouds with larger number of droplets than unpolluted clouds. This then makes those clouds more reflexive. More of the sun's heat and energy is therefore reflected back into space. This reduction of heat reaching the earth is known as Global Dimming.
a period in the earth's history when polar and mountain ice sheets were unusually extensive across the earth's surface.
An approach that aims to transform gender unequal relations in order to enable women to participate on an equal basis with men in determining their common future.
The difference between men’s and women’s pay, based on the average difference in gross hourly earnings of all employees.
When a company or organization spends more time and money claiming to be “green” through advertising and marketing than actually implementing business practices that minimize environmental impact.; It is the overstating of the environmentally or socially conscious attributes of a firm’s offering and the understating of the negative attributes for the firm’s benefit.
An assessment of the ways in which a policy, programme or project proposal will affect women and men. It is carried out to avoid unintended negative consequences on gender relations (i.e. reinforcing gender inequalities), and to improve the quality and efficiency of policies.
An index representing the combined effect of the differing times greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere and their relative effectiveness in absorbing outgoing infrared radiation.
An index, introduced by UNDP in 2010, that reflects women’s disadvantage in three dimensions— reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market—for as many countries as data of reasonable quality allow.
A strategically planned network of high quality natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features, which is designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services and protect biodiversity in both rural and urban settings.; A network of multi-functional green space, urban and rural, which is capable of delivering a wide range of environmental and quality of life benefits for local communities.
Green stimulus is defined as short-run fiscal stimuli that also serve a “green” or environmental purpose in a situation of “crisis” characterized by temporary under-employment. Green stimulus is the application of policies and measures to stimulate short-run economic activity while at the same time preserving, protecting and enhancing environmental and natural resource quality both near-term and longer-term.
This refers to the equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men and girls and boys. Equality does not mean that women and men will become the same but that women’s and men’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. Gender equality implies that the interests, needs and priorities of both women and men are taken into consideration, recognizing the diversity of different groups of women and men. Gender equality is not a women’s issue but should concern and fully engage men as well as women. Equality between women and men is seen both as a human rights issue and as a precondition for, and indicator of, sustainable people-centered development.
Gender equality (equality between women and men)
A means of assessing the understanding, knowledge and skills that individuals and organizations have on gender equality and women's empowerment, as well as on the organization’s gender policy and architecture.
An approach that seeks to challenge and transform rigid gender roles and relations. It goes beyond the individual level to focus on the interpersonal, social, and institutional level, in order to address the causes of gender-based inequalities.; Gender-transformative approaches examine, question and change gender social norms, attitudes, behaviors and social systems that reinforce inequalities.
The study of the physical features of the surface of the earth and their relation to its geological structures.
An approach/strategy/framework/programme may be defined as gender-blind when the gender dimension is not considered, although there is clear scope for such consideration. This is often as a result of lack of training in, knowledge of and sensitisation to gender issues, leading to an incomplete picture of the situation to address and, consequently, to failure.
Public goods that have universal benefits, covering multiple groups of countries and all populations.
Those behaviours, tasks and responsibilities that a society considers appropriate for men, women, boys and girls.; Refers to what males and females are expected to do (in the household, community and workplace) in a given society.
The free water in the soil which moves into, through, or out of the soil under the influence of gravity.
Increase in surface air temperature, referred to as the global temperature, induced by emissions of greenhouse gases into the air.
A high Earth orbit that allows satellites to match Earth’s rotation.
Actions against women (or men) based on the perception that the other sex is not equal and does nothave the same rights.
According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP), green growth is one that (1) Emphasizes environmentally sustainable economic progress to foster low-carbon, socially inclusive development. (2) Green growth refers to sustainable growth which helps reduce greenhouse gas emission and environmental pollution. It is also a new national development paradigm that creates new growth engines and jobs with green technology and clean energy. The Green Growth approach is a new policy focus which is aimed at helping Asia-Pacific countries to achieve real progress towards sustainable development and poverty reduction. The Green Growth approach seeks to harmonize the two imperatives of economic growth and environmental sustainability by promoting “fundamental changes in the way societies produce and consume”, as called for in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. The Green Growth approach requires the introduction of concept and system changes. (3) The Green Growth approach seeks to create an economic framework which opens up increased opportunities for maximizing the benefits of globalization, such as sharing and transferring knowledge and technologies for eco-efficient production processes, for renewable resource use and for integrated natural resources management as well as for creating new job opportunities. It also advocates eco-efficient and resource-saving economic and production activities based on the full life cycle analysis of production and consumption processes, in which more efficient and less materials-intensive production is cost-effective, reduces emissions and creates new job opportunities. By this means the Green Growth approach attempts to enhance the competitive edge and advantages of the countries in the region on the world trade market, which currently dominates their export-driven economic development.
Participation of women and men in decision-making processes on a fair and impartial basis.
There is no internationally agreed definition of green economy and at least eight separate definitions were identified in recent publications. For example, UNEP has defined the green economy as "one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. It is low carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive" (UNEP, 2011). This definition has been cited in a number of more recent reports, including by the UNEMG and the OECD. Another definition for green economy offered by the Green Economy Coalition (a group of NGOs, trade union groups and others doing grassroots work on a green economy) succinctly defines green economy as "a resilient economy that provides a better quality of life for all within the ecological limits of the planet."
Grey energy is the energy hidden in a product, i.e. the amount of energy required to extract that product from nature, or to cultivate, manufacture, package and transport it.
The environmental problems of concern to the GEF are global and inter-connected in nature - biodiversity climate change international waters ozone land degradation and persistent organic pollutants. The GEF aims to produce global environmental benefits in these six focal areas which are closely linked to a number of the international environmental conventions for which the GEF is a designated financial mechanism. Global environmental benefits may be defined as directly or indirectly contributing to mitigating climate change conserving biodiversity protecting international waters preventing ozone depletion eliminating persistent organic pollutants or preventing land degradation.
[Gender stereotype] is a generalised view or preconception about attributes, or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women.
The ability to acknowledge and highlight existing gender differences, issues and inequalities, and consider them in the design and implementation of strategies and actions.
A set of coordinated monitoring activities that would collect much needed data at a global scale on a variety of indicators such as biodiversity, water quality and quantity, atmospheric pollution, land degradation and chemical release.
Geric properties (from Greek geraios, old) refers to mineral soil material which has a very low effective cation exchange capacity or even acts as an anion exchanger.
It refers to policies and programmes that do not consider gender roles or power relationships. It is the failure to recognise that gender is an essential determinant of social outcomes impacting on projects, programmes and policies.; It is the failure to recognize that the roles and responsibilities of men/boys and women/ girls are given to them in specific social, cultural, economic and political contexts and backgrounds.